Term
| What are the three types of exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| apocrine, holocrine, and merocrine |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce? |
|
Definition
| proteases, lipases, and amylases |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pancreas located in relationship to the stomach? |
|
Definition
| it is located just below the stomach next to the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| How does the pancreas know to secrete digestive enzymes? |
|
Definition
| the duodenum releases hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of exocrine cells in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| duct cells and acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| What do duct cells in the pancreas secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do acinar cells in the pancreas secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the endocrine portion of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells secrete insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells secrete glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreas has a mixture of ________ and __________ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main enzymes produced by the pancrease? |
|
Definition
- proteolytic enzymes
- amylase
- chitinase
- lipase
|
|
|
Term
| What are three proteolytic enzymes? |
|
Definition
| trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, and carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
| Trypsinogen is activated by ___________ into _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cymotrypsinogen and carboxypeptidase are activated by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pancreatic amylase do? |
|
Definition
| it converts polysaccharides into disaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What do pancreatic lipases do? |
|
Definition
| they convert triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What two things act as pH buffers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the pancreas innervated? Explain. |
|
Definition
| It is innervated by the vagus nerve which applies a low level of stimulus to secretion in response to anticipation of a meal |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important stimulus for pancreatic exocrine secretions? |
|
Definition
| gastrin, secretin, and cholocystokinin |
|
|
Term
| How are pancreatic exocrine secretions regulated? What does this help maintain? |
|
Definition
| it is hormonally regulated to help maintain neutrality of the duodenal contents and to optimize digestion |
|
|
Term
| What was the first hormone discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ secretes secretin in the presence of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is transported to the pancreas by the blood and it stimulates secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum by the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What is the abreviation for cholocystokinin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the secretion of CCK? What secretes it? |
|
Definition
| the duodenal mucosa secretes CCK in the presence of fat and protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of CCK? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What does gastrin act on? |
|
Definition
| the stomach and the intestine |
|
|
Term
| Where are secretin, CCK, and gastrin synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the process that occurs whn there is acid in the duodenal lumen? |
|
Definition
- secretin is released by the duodenal mucosa
- it is carried to the pancreas by the blood
- it stimulates duct cells to secrete bicarbonate into the duodenal lumen which neutralizes the acid
|
|
|
Term
| Explain the process that occurs when there are fats and proteins in the duodenal lumen? |
|
Definition
- CCK is released from the duodenal mucosa
- CCK is carried to the pancreas by the blood
- CCK stimulates acinar cells to secrete pancreatic digestive enzymes into the duodenal lumen which digest the proteins and fats
|
|
|
Term
| What is the function of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| it plays a major role in maintaining normal concentration of glucose in the blood by increasing blood glucose levels when necessary |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of insulin? |
|
Definition
- it is a key player in the control of intermediary metabolism
- it has profound effects on both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and significant influences on protein and mineral metabolism
|
|
|
Term
| What is another endocrine hormone that is secreted by the pancrease aside form glucagon and insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell secretes somatostatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the circulating somatostatin appears to come from the ________ and the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| it inhibits the secretion of many other hormones |
|
|
Term
| (Insulin/glucagon) concentrations are higher before a meal whereas (insulin/glucagon) concentrations are higher after a meal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six general functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
| synthesis, activation, degredation, storage, detoxification, and excretion |
|
|
Term
| How is the liver related to metabolism? |
|
Definition
| it carries out metabolic processing of the major categories of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Why does the liver carry out detoxification and degredation? |
|
Definition
| to get rid of body wastes and hormones |
|
|
Term
| The liver synthesizes __________ and _________. |
|
Definition
| plasma proteins, ascorbic acid |
|
|
Term
| The liver stores _______, ________, _________, _________, and _______. |
|
Definition
| glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What kind of vitamins does the liver store? Explain. |
|
Definition
| fat soluble vitamins; it can't store watersoluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
| The liver activates _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver removes ________ and ________ by resident ______________. |
|
Definition
| bacteria, worn out RBCs, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| The liver excretes ________ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other process occurs in the liver with regards to carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for ascorbic acid? What is it? |
|
Definition
| vitamin C; it is a water soluble antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| What vitmains are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major product taht is secreted by the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile is secreted by the ___________ into the ____________. |
|
Definition
| biliary tract, small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of bile? |
|
Definition
| They function in digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Many __________ are eliminated from the body via bile secretions and elimination in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sources that the liver recieves blood from? |
|
Definition
- arterial blood from the hepatic artery which provides the liver's O2 supply and carries blood born metabolites for hepatic processing
- venous blood from the hepatic vein draining the digestive tract for processing and storag of newly absorbed nutrients
|
|
|
Term
| Why can't many drugs be ingested? |
|
Definition
| because they can be inactivated by the acid in the stomach or in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hepatocyte is a made up of ___________ liver cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes make up ____ to ____% of the cytoplasmic liver mass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hepatocytes involved in? |
|
Definition
- protein synthesis
- protein storage
- transformation of carbohydrates
- synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts, and phospholipids
- detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances
|
|
|
Term
| The hepatocyte also initiates the formation and secretion of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are bile salts produced? |
|
Definition
| by the oxidation of cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What happens to bile salts (acids) before they are stored in the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| they are conjgated with taurine or the amino acid glycine, or with a sulfate or a glucuronide |
|
|
Term
| How often is bile produced? Explain how this doesn't have negative side effects |
|
Definition
| it is produced continuously but is stored in the gall bladder between meals |
|
|
Term
| How are bile salts recycled? |
|
Definition
| through the enterohepatic circulation |
|
|
Term
| Explain the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts? |
|
Definition
- bile is released from the gall bladder into the duodenum
- once it reaches the termianl ileum, it is reabsorbed before it enters the colon
- it is returned to the liver via the portal circulation
|
|
|
Term
| What is the sphincter between the common bile duct and the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does bile help with the digestion and absorption of fats? |
|
Definition
| through their detergent action and micellar formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a waste product excreted in the bile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (formerly referred to as hematoidin) it is the yellow breakdown of normal heme catabolism |
|
|
Term
| How can you identify the digestive system of a human? |
|
Definition
| the large colon will have an ascending, transverse, and descending column |
|
|
Term
| How can you identify the digestive system of a ruminant? |
|
Definition
| it will have a huge stomach and the large intestine will be in a spiral shape |
|
|
Term
| How can you identify the digestive system of a horse? |
|
Definition
| it will have a small stomach and a large cecum |
|
|
Term
| Name the layers of a gut cross section starting with the outside and moving in. (Be general about the muscularis externa and mucosa). |
|
Definition
| body wall, peritoneum, mesentery, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, lumen |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the muscularis externa starting with outside and moving in? |
|
Definition
- outer logitudinal muscle
- inner circular muscle
|
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the mucosa starting with the outside and moving in? |
|
Definition
- muscularis mucosa
- lamina propria
- mucous membrane
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four layers of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa is where ___________ takes place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mucous membrane? |
|
Definition
- it is a protective surface
- it also contains endocrine, exocrine, and epithelial cells for absorption
|
|
|
Term
| What is the lamina propria? |
|
Definition
| small blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers pass through it |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the mucosa? |
|
Definition
| the mucous membrane and the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a thick layer of connective tissue that rpovides the digestive tract with distensibility and elasticity |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscularis externa? |
|
Definition
| it is the major smooth muscle coat |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the inner layer muscle of the muscularis externa? |
|
Definition
| it carries out circular contraction which reduces diameter |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the outer layer of muscle in the muscularis externa? |
|
Definition
| it carries out longitudinal contraction which shortens the tube |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the serosa? |
|
Definition
- it secretes a watery serous fluid for lubrication
- it is attached to the mesentery and suspends the digestive tract in position
|
|
|
Term
| Once nutrients are dumped from the intestines into the capillaries, what is the next stop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lipids that are absorbed? |
|
Definition
| they enter the centarl lacteal and enter the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of villi and microvilli? |
|
Definition
| they increase the surface area over which nutrients can be absorbed |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of segmentation in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| it mixes and slowly propels the chyme |
|
|
Term
| What initiates segmentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the intensity of segmentation depend on? |
|
Definition
| the number of action potentials reaching the threshold |
|
|
Term
| How does segmentation start? |
|
Definition
| the duodenum distension by the presence of chyme |
|
|
Term
| Explain how segmentation works? |
|
Definition
| there is a rate of segmentation difference between the duodenum and the terminal ileum which induces slow movement of chyme through the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Chyme in the small intestine is pushed form the segment that is moving (slower/faster) to the segment that is moving (slower/faster). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sweeps the intestine clean between meals? |
|
Definition
| the migrating motility complex |
|
|
Term
| What prevents contamination of the small intestine by colonic bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common bacteria in the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Despite the ileocecal sphincter, sometimes bacteria still enters the small intestine. How is this fixed? |
|
Definition
| at the end of the small intestine is an area called the Pyer's patch which has a bunch of immune cells which kill the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Do small intestine secretions in vertebrates contain digestive enzymes? Explain. |
|
Definition
| no, the small intestine synthesizes enzymes but they stay within the borders of the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of amylase? |
|
Definition
- salivary glands
- exocrine pancreas
- small intestine epithelial cells
|
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of action for amylases? |
|
Definition
- mouth
- body of stomach
- small intestine
|
|
|
Term
| What are five main enzymes that are meant to break down proteins? |
|
Definition
| pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidases |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of protein enzymes? |
|
Definition
- stomach chief cells
- exocrine pancreas
- small intestine epithelial cells
|
|
|
Term
| What is the site of action for protein enzymes? |
|
Definition
- antrum of the stomach
- small intestine
|
|
|
Term
| What are the primary fat enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of fat enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of fat enzyme action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small intestine is highly __________ for its primary role in absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happena when there is a prolonged carbohydrate diet? |
|
Definition
| there is an upregulation of glucose transporters |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics of the small intestine are adaptable to diet? |
|
Definition
| length, types, and densities of intestine transporters |
|
|
Term
| Why do herbivores have longer intestines? |
|
Definition
| because vegetation is harder to digest than meat |
|
|
Term
| What increases the effectiveness of peristalsis? |
|
Definition
| the gastro enteric reflex |
|
|
Term
| How do the muscles that cause peristalsis work? |
|
Definition
| the longitudinal muscles contract first for a long stretch and then the circular muscle contract and relax |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis for peristalsis? |
|
Definition
| electrical activity: slow waves superimposed with spikes |
|
|
Term
| With ragards to the nervous system, there is ________ activity in the stomach and the duodenum. This rate is decreased in the _____________. |
|
Definition
| pacemaker, terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
| What is peristalsis like in the colon? |
|
Definition
| it is less frequent but more powerful |
|
|
Term
| Eructation is ________ peristalsis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a portion of food called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four factors in the duodenum that affect the rate of gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
- fat
- acid
- hypertonicity
- distension
|
|
|
Term
| How does fat affect the rate of gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| it digests slowly so this slows down emptying |
|
|
Term
| Hoes acid affect the rate of gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| it must be buffered to to avoid damage to the gut |
|
|
Term
| What causes hypertonicity? |
|
Definition
| large amounts of amino acids and glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
| How does distension affect rate of gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
| too much chyme slows gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| In livestock, rate of passage is also affected by ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many hormones have been identified in the gastrointestinal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the hormones in the GIT are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the hormones found in the GIT only found in the gut? Explain. |
|
Definition
| no, many are found in other tissues, expecially the brain |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the hormones found in the GIT serve many different functions? |
|
Definition
| they can be neuro-, para-, auto-, and endocrine depending on the region where they act and where they are secreted |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the GIT hormones to health? Explain. |
|
Definition
| their importance to animal health is uncertain as no known deficiency disorders have been found for any of them except gastrin |
|
|
Term
| Salivary glands serve a (endocrine, exocrine) function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What doe gastric glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
| The oancreas serves a (endocrine, exocrine) function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver and gallbladder serve a (endocrine, exocrine) function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme breaks down starch and glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major disaccharides? |
|
Definition
| sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme acts on sucrose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme acts on lactose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme works on maltose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
| glucose, galactose, and fructose |
|
|
Term
| What proteases act on whole proteins? |
|
Definition
| pepsin, trypsin, chymostrypsin, and carboxypeptidase |
|
|
Term
| What protease acts on peptide fragments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva and pancreatic amylase convert polysaccharides into __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides enter the blood via ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amino acids enter the blood? |
|
Definition
| via Na+ and energy dependent active transport |
|
|
Term
| Where are small peptides broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat globules (truglycerides) are ________ by bile salts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do fatty acids enter the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to fatty acids once they enter the blood? |
|
Definition
- they are reformed into triglycerides (from monoglycerides and fatty acids)
- they are then coated with lipoprotein and called chylomicrons which are extruded by exocytosis to the lymph vessels
|
|
|
Term
| What kind of fatty acids are very easily absorbed into capillaries? |
|
Definition
| medium chain fatty acids; they are good for people who have a hard time absorbing fat |
|
|
Term
| Explain the process in which lipids are broken down up to when they are used by a cell? |
|
Definition
- bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine
- intestinal lipases are degraded into triacylglycerols
- fatty acids and other breakdown products are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into triacylglycerols
- triacylglycerols are incorporated with cholesterol and apoproteins into chylomicrons
- chylomicrons move through the lymphatic system and the bloodstream
- lipoprotein lipase reelases fatty acids and glycerol
- fatty acids enter the cell where they are oxidized to be used as energy
|
|
|
Term
| Which four organs have the highest rate of blood flow from most to least? |
|
Definition
- kidney
- liver
- heart
- small intestine
|
|
|
Term
| What kind of digestive system do pigs have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal with a one chambered stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is the technical name of the stomach in a monogastric animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the abomasum do? |
|
Definition
| it secretes a strong acid and many digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the epithelial layer of the small intestine called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue layer of the small intestines called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the submucosa contain? |
|
Definition
| blood, lymph vessel, and nerve and muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| The liver and pancreas empty into the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most digestion and absorption occurs in the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the large colon not involved in digestion to a great extent? |
|
Definition
- it does not have mucosal enzymes
- it does not have any significant active transport mechanisms for sugars and amino acids
|
|
|
Term
| What is the large colo responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four chambers of the staomach in a ruminant? |
|
Definition
| the rumern, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum |
|
|
Term
| In which chamber of the stomach is acid secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the order in which food passes through the stomach of ruminant and into the small intestines in a ruminant. |
|
Definition
- food enters the rumen form the esophagus
- it then goes into the reticulum
- from the reticulum it is regurgitated and rechewed in the mouth
- it then goes back down the esophagus into the omasum
- from the omasum, it goes into the abomasum and then into the small intestine
|
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of rumination? |
|
Definition
| it reduces particle size of fiber and exposes sugars to microbial fermentation |
|
|
Term
| Cows produces _____ to _____ liters of saliva while they chew ___ to ___ hours a day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much saliva does a cow produce if rumination is not stimulated (too much concentrate in the diet)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function saliva in the ruminant? |
|
Definition
| it consists of bicarbonate and phosphates which neutralize the acids produced by microbial fermentation to maintain a neutral acidity which favors fiber digestion and microbial growth in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major sugars that are ingested as plant material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the chief component of cell walls and consequently, the single most common, by mass, organic molecule on Earth |
|
|
Term
| What is the main similarity between amylose and cellulose? |
|
Definition
| they both have three glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between amylose and cellulose? |
|
Definition
| the three glucose molecules are bonded differently: amylose has an alpha 1 to 4 glycosidic linkage whereas cellulose has a beta 1 to 4 glycosidic linkage |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme breaks down amylose? Does this enzyme work on cellulose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can ruminants break down cellulose? Explain. |
|
Definition
| no, not without microorgansims |
|
|
Term
| Why are chickens more efficient in pulling nuteints from feed than cows? |
|
Definition
| because they ingest lots of unsaturated fats whereas cows do also but the microorgansims saturate these fatty acids so they are harder to absorb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general functions that occur in the rumen and reticulum? |
|
Definition
- retention
- microbial fermentation
- absoprtion
- production and expulsion
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two products of microbial fermentation? |
|
Definition
- volatile fatty acids (VFA) as end products of the fermentation of cellulose and other sugars
- a microbial mass rich in high quality protein
|
|
|
Term
| What happens with regards to retention in the rumen and reticulum? |
|
Definition
| there is retention of long forage particles which stimulate rumination |
|
|
Term
| What are the two products of microbial fermentation? |
|
Definition
- volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as end products of the fermentation of cellulose and other sugars
- a microbial mass rich in high quality protein
|
|
|
Term
| Where are volatile fatty acids absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are volatile fatty acids used for in cows? |
|
Definition
- they are used for the main energy source for the cow
- they are also used for the synthesis of milk fat (triglycerides) and milk sugar (lactose)
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Term
| With ragards to production and expulsion, what happens in the rumen and the reticulum? |
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Definition
| production and expulsion through belching of as many as 1000 L of gases (methane) per day |
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Term
| What are the three main volatile fatty acids? |
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Definition
| acetic acid (acetate), propionic acid (propionate), and butyric acid (butyrate) |
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Term
| How much of volatile fatty acids is acetic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of volatile fatty acids is propionic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of volatile fatty acids is butyric acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons make up acetic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons make up propionic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons make up butyric acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique about propionic acid? |
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Definition
| it is the only VFA that can be used to synthesize glucose |
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Term
| Are the percentages of volatile fatty acids always the same? Explain. |
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Definition
| no, diet can influence percentages as do ionophores like Rumensin |
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Term
| What occurs in the omasum? |
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Definition
- recycling of some nutrients: absorption of water, sodium, phosphorus, and residual VFAs
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Term
| What happens in the abomasum? |
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Definition
- acid digestion:
- secretion of strong acids and digestive enzymes
- digestion of feed fractions not fermented in the rumen (some proteins and lipids)
- digestion of bacterial proteins produced in the rumen
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Term
| How many bacterial proteins that are produced in the rumen are digested each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of the food that enters the small intestines comes from bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once the food passes through the stomach, what are the three other organs that produce digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
| the small intestine, liver, and pancreas |
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Term
| What types of nutrients are digested in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
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Term
| What is absorbed in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| some water, minerals, and products of digestion: glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids |
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Term
| In general, what happens in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the cecum? |
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Definition
| a usually small microbial population ferments the unabsorbed products of digestion |
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Term
| What happens in the large intestine? |
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Definition
| absorption of water and formation of feces |
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Term
| Explain how the cecum in the horse is different from other animals? |
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Definition
| the cecum is found in most animals but is not weel developed like it is in the horse |
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Term
| What is a major source of energy for the horse and is produced in the cecum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can microbial proteins be utilized to a great extent in the horse? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| no; this means that animals with a high demand for protein (foals, lactating mares, exercising horses) must be fed high quality protein |
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Term
| Bacterial proteins synthesized in the rumen are digested in the small intestine and constitute the major source of amino acids for the cow. Why is this not the case in horses? |
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Definition
| because their cecum is caudal to the small intestine |
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