Term
| blood is composed of e............, l.........., p...... and p....... |
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Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and plasma
blood travels from arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins
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Term
| what is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum? |
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Definition
plasma contains all the clotting components including fibrinogen.
serum lacks clotting components.
if blood is collected using citrate or EDTA then you are dealing with blood plasma. |
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Term
| what does EDTA stand for? |
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Definition
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
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Term
| the most well known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group. Name the 4 principal types. |
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Definition
A, B, AB and O
two antigens and two antibodies are responsible for the ABO types. blood groups were discovered by Karl Landsteiner who was trying to understand why sometimes blood transfusions killed people whilst others saved lives. He won the Nobel prize in 1930 |
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Term
| Blood type A has antigen ..... but antibody ....... |
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Definition
A, B
blood type B has antigen B but antibody A
Blood type O has no antigens for A or B but antibodies for both |
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Term
| which antibodies does blood type O have? |
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Definition
blood type O has both A and B antibodies
antibodies to Non-self antigens are naturally present in the blood
ABO type can be determined using anti-A and anti-B antibodies. whether or not gglutination occurs indicates ABO type. |
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Term
| if blood is agglutinated by antibody-A only hen what type of blood group is it? |
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Definition
blood type A
if it were agglutinated by both antibody-A and antibody-B then it would be blood type AB |
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Term
| people with A blood type will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells. what type of antibodies will they produce? can they receive a blood transfusion of type B blood? |
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Definition
they will produced antibody B antibodies.
should they receive a blood type B blood transfusion their body will recognise it as foreign and agglutinate the introduced red cells. this can result in death. |
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Term
how is it possible for blood type O to be a universal donor?
can type O blood individuals receive A and B type blood transfusions? |
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Definition
individuals with O blood type do not produced ABO antigens, therefore their blood will not be rejected when it is given to others.
type O individuals can only receive type O blood themselves |
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Term
which blood group is a universal receiver?
why? |
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Definition
| type AB is a universal receiver because they do not make any ABO antibodies. however they cannot donate blood because they produce both antigens |
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Term
deoygenated blood enters R......A...... from body
from here it goes to the R.......V......... then enters the P........ A........ |
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Definition
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
the pulmonary artery is the only artery to have deoxygenated blood in it. |
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Term
the oxygenation of blood happens in the l..... where the body gets rid of CO2. blood enters the L....A....... to L....... V...... via P.........V...........
oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to aorta where oxygen leaves blood and enters tissues |
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Definition
| lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary veins |
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Term
| arteries have a large diameter and thick elastic walls. why is this useful? |
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Definition
allows them to withstand high pressure when heart contracts.
in contrast veins have large diameters but thinner walls and one-way valves. |
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Term
| im muscular, highly elastic and act as a pressure resevoir for smooth flow of blood. what am i? |
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Definition
| an artery for exam the aorta. |
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Term
| i am muscular and well innervated, i have rings of smooth muscle and regulate blood flow. what type of blood vessell am i? |
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Definition
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Term
| i am thin walled and highly permeable to O2, CO2, H20, sugars, amino acids. what type of blood vessel am i? |
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Definition
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Term
| i am highly distensible and have thin walls compared to arteries, i am also fairly muscular. what type of blood vessel am i? |
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Definition
i am a vein.
venules are thin walled and have some smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
it is the outer expandable part of the atrium. it slightly increases the blood volume capacity due to expansion.
the heart is slightly displaced towards the left hand side. |
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Term
the heart has ...... chambers. these are the 2 upper atria and 2 lower ..........
the right heart pumps blood into the......... in the pulmonary circuit. the left side of the heart pumps blood to the body in the sustemic circuit |
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Definition
four, ventricles, lungs
the walls of the left ventricle is more thicker than the right ventricle. |
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Term
| where is the tricuspid valve located? |
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Definition
it is located in the right hand side of the heart and it is the right atrioventricular valve.
the bicuspid valve is located on the left side of the heart and is the left atrioventricular valve. it is also known as the mitral valve as it looks a bit like a bishops mitre. |
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Term
| what shape are the pulmonary and aortic valves? |
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Definition
| semilunar thus they are called semi lunar valves |
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Term
| what attaches to valves and papillary muscles and stops valves from prolapsing and folding in on themselves? |
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Definition
| chordae tendinaes AKA heartstrings baby! |
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Term
which valves seperate atria form ventricles?
what are they supported by? |
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Definition
atrioventricular valves seperate atria from ventricles and are supported by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.
the semilunar valves seperate ventricles from arteries eg the pulmonary and aortic vavle. |
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Term
true or false?
there are brief intervals when all valves are closed? |
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Definition
| true. this is known as isovolumetric where blood can neither enter or leave ventricles of the heart so volume remains the same. |
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Term
the cardiac cycle is associated with blood flow through the heart in one complete ehart beat. it emcompasses the pump cycle: systole, diastole, valve opening and closure, pressure changes, volume changes, heart sounds
which is the ejection and the filling phase?? |
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Definition
systole is ventricular contraction = ejection
diastole is ventricular relaxation = filling |
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Term
| how long does the pump cycle take? |
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Definition
< 1 second.
- both atria and ventricles are relaxed - venous return to the heart results in ventricular filling
- atria contract driving more blood into the ventricles
- ventricles contract ejecting blood into arteries
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Term
in which stage does venous return, ventricles fill and in late phase, atria contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| in which stage do ventricles contract, AV valves close= isovolumetric contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| in which stage is there ventricular ejection through open seminlunar valves |
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Definition
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Term
| in which stage do the semilunar valves close and there is isovolumetric relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| the increase in pressure caused by the closure of the semi-lunar valves is depicted by which notch? |
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Definition
the dicrotic notch.
the lub dub heart sounds are produced by turbulant flow of blood against the closed AV and then the semilunar valves |
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Term
| what does the turbulant flow of blood against the closed AV and then the semilunar valves produced? |
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Definition
the lub dub sounds of the heart.
lub = AV valves closed
dub = SL valves closed |
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Term
| what is the maximum ventricular volume also known as? |
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Definition
| end-distolic volume (EDV) |
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Term
| what is the minimum ventricular volume also known as? |
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Definition
| end-systolic volume (ESV) |
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Term
how is stroke volume calculated?
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Definition
SV is calculated by EDV-ESV
(amount of blood ejected/beat)
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