Term
| Rape-Adaptation Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Sexual coercion of males was a specific strategy males used to maximize their fitness which was selected over evolutionary history |
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Term
| Rape-Byproduct Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Sexual coercion is a result/byproduct of males' sex-drive, coercive/aggressive and lack of need for a female to be sexually interested for a male to perform coitus. |
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Term
| evidence of rape as adaptation |
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Definition
| males are sexually stimulated by pornography that depicts sexually coerced females. this must have adaptive significance |
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Term
| evidence of rape being a byproduct |
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Definition
| rape-offspring have less support, rapists and their families lose status and gain injury. thus, rape affects fitness negatively |
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Term
| Feature of environment that increases rape |
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Definition
| harsh environment that includes war. social order not as strong. but such an environment can fluctuate and social order can become stronger again. |
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Term
| How to collect evidence to show rape is in evolutionary disequilibrium? |
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Definition
| study possible benefits of rape by examining hunter-gatherer cultures because they are closest to our anscestors |
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Term
| 3 cultural factors that increase chance of rape |
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Definition
| disenfranchisement of women, extreme objectification of women, hypercognizing of male's propietary attitudes towards women |
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Term
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Definition
| the fallacy that because some behavior is natural would make the behavior moral/justified. |
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Term
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Definition
| social ranking that orders members of a group into priorities of access to resources and reproductive opportunities |
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Term
| achievement of status through dominance |
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Definition
| intimidation and violence towards other members of the group in order to be feared and respected; proximity of others in group not desired |
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Term
| achievement of status through prestige |
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Definition
| development of skills and abilities that others in the group will wish to emulate; deference/sychophancy as payment for proxmity |
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Term
| costs/benefits of formidable mate |
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Definition
| better protector, better provider via taking more risks; more danger-prone (violence and risk-taking can be harmful too) |
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Term
| relationship between physical formidability and aggressive/risk-taking behavior |
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Definition
| both are related to strategies of that co-evolved to gain dominance over rivals, thus access to reproductive oppurtunites and optimize fitness |
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Term
| why fear of crime predicts choice of formidable males |
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Definition
| crime creates a dangerous environment which impacts overall fitness through injury and loss of resources; to cope with this females would choose better providers/protectors that can handle violent situations better and be more opportunistic in order to gain advantage |
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Term
| can variance of violence in different ancestral societies be explained through mate-choice? |
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Definition
| to some degree--mate choice can drive such phenotypes and exacerbate violent behavior of a culture; ultimately, the level of abundance/ease-of-access of resources would control violence levels because of it affecting differential status |
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Term
| why males with more muscle are chosen as a short-term mate |
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Definition
| genetic benefits; such males have honest signals of fitness; ability to develop with higher androgen levels and ability to consume larger amounts of protiens from hunting; bad for long-term because of violent propensities and lack of care for offspring because dominance behaviors and nurturing behvaiors are mutually exclusive |
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Term
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Definition
| because homosexual men dont have children, they invest in sister's offspring to maximize the fitness of their genes which would keep homosexual traits in the gene pool; US populations consist of nuclear families so evidence to demonstrate this hypothesis is difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| because homosexual men dont have children, they invest in sister's offspring to maximize the fitness of their genes which would keep homosexual traits in the gene pool; US populations consist of nuclear families so evidence to demonstrate this hypothesis is difficult |
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Term
| Bailey's finding that contradicts Miller's feminizing alleles hypothesis |
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Definition
| Bailey's findings show homosexual males' mating strategies are similar to heterosexual men; Miller's explanation should shift homosexual male's mating behavior to be more "feminized" and more similar to female mating strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| heterzygocity of genes are more fit than either form of homozygous genes using the same alleles; even if a trait is fitness reducing, if that trait is composed of homzygous alleles and heterozygous genes using the same alleles is fitness enchancing, those alleles will stay in the gene pool and expression of the homozygous trait will still occur. |
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Term
| possible functions of homosexual behavior using cross-species comparison |
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Definition
| canines use it for dominance and such behavior and ancestral human males use dominance strategies; bonobo females use it as a form of social bonding to increase alloparenting, thus human ancestors could have done this as well |
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Term
| explanation of obligate homosexuality |
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Definition
| because other animals show evidence of function for homosexuality, such behavior should be genetic; obligate homsexuality can be explained by balanced polymorphism where obligate homosexuality is a homozygous expression of these combination of heterosexual and homosexual alleles. |
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Term
| types of information obtained through olfaction |
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Definition
| mate-health, mate-unrelatedness via MHC dissimilarity, mate's body symmetry; health and body-symmetry indicate genetic quality (level of fitness) via ability to fight off pathogens through development and maturity; MHC dissimilarity helps to avoid inbreeding which causes death through expression of deleterious mutations and increasing avoidance of pathogens evolving to mimic MHC |
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Term
| evidence that shows olfaction different between men and women |
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Definition
| women rate olfactory information as most important for mate-choice wherease males dont; women show much more brain activity through MRIs with olfactory information; women report olfactory information in dreams |
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Term
| why women would need more olfactory information for mate choice |
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Definition
| women are higher investing sex; more discriminating for mate-choice; more information has to be gathered and olfactory information contains lots of cues. |
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Term
| why don't all men smell good? |
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Definition
| odors have evolved to be honest signals that most likely couldn't be faked through evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| inbreeding is defined biologically by mating with someone with someone closely genetically related; incest is defined culturally by mating with kin (anyone in close proximity during development) |
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Term
| why Oedipus complex is wrong |
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Definition
| natural desire for boys to mate with their mother is in conflict with biological mechanisms that evolved to avoid inbreeding |
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Term
| why childs ability to discern relatedness should differ from adult male's ability to recognize his own offspring |
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Definition
| kin recognition for children works via proxmity over time; in order to evade the harm of cuckoldry, males need to discover if a child is his soon after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| because children need to identify kin, this is a problem because morphological traits change through development of kin; children must rely on olfaction. |
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Term
| father-daughter incest more prevalent. why? |
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Definition
| fathers less discriminating in mate choice; mothers have more propensity cues because of more investment and those cues serve to develop higher sexual aversion. |
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Term
| why rape reduces fitness of female victim |
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Definition
| reproducing with a male that has to resort to rape (less fitness of that child which affects mother's fitness); increased chance of losing mate due aversion to cuckoldry; loss of mate-choice (inability to find the best mate) |
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Term
| evidence that women developed mechanisms to avoid rape |
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Definition
| avoidance of risky behavior at/near ovulation; avoidance of strange men during ovulation |
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Term
| Type I environment / Type II |
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Definition
| Type I: few resources, conflict between parents, high stress, harsh/rejecting family; type II opposite |
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Term
| environmental features that would epigenetically increase risk-taking behaviors |
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Definition
| harsh environment (more predation, less food, lower populations); risk-taking behavior = little to lose, lots to gain |
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Term
| selective pressures that increase male's propietary attitutdes towards women |
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Definition
| male-male competition; high investment into offspring makes cuckoldry very costly |
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Term
| cultural practies that increase male proprietary attitude towards women. |
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Definition
| claustration (women limited to parts of house); infibulation (vagina closed) |
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Term
| why females perpetuate behaviors that keep male control over women |
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Definition
| proximately: cultural pressure to fit in, be seen as part of the norm, fashion/attractiveness; ultimately: increase of fitness by increasing mate-value of related women. |
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Term
| why honor killing would stay resident in culture. |
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Definition
| damages reputation of family, related females lose mate value |
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Term
| 2 things males would be deceptive about during courtship |
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Definition
| wealth/income/occupation; past exploits (risk-taking behavior, acts of bravery) |
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Term
| 2 things females will be deceptive about during courtship |
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Definition
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Term
| how does deception affect courtship |
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Definition
| lack of trust, more guardedness; affects desire to overinvest in a suitor in terms of attachment/resource-offerings. |
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Term
| what are symptoms of limerance? |
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Definition
| invasive thoughts of partner, desire of that partner over other potential mates, desire for reciprocation of emotional investment |
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Term
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Definition
| because of possibility of deception of males, females evolved to be more coy and fickle. and because males evolved to maximize reproductive opportunities, they exhibit much polyony. limerance counteracts this by forcing both people to commit in order to form a bond, mate exclusively and invest in each other in order to invest in offspring together. |
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Term
| history of diamond enagement ring |
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Definition
| diamonds were in surplus, females at the time were dealing with lack of commitment of males to marry. cost of diamond became honest signal of investment |
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Term
| what is reproductive immunosuppression? |
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Definition
| immune system activity lowered during gestation. |
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Term
| evidence that mechaisms evolved to deal with harm of reproducive immunosuppresion |
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Definition
| pregancy sickness (aversion to foods such as meat); aversions to meat during luteal phase of menstrual cycle. |
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Term
| experiment to discern if mechanisms specifically for balancing harm due to reproductive immunosuppresion. |
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Definition
| test women with natural aversion to meat to see if aversion increases during luteal phase as compared to other times in the cycle; measure progesterone levels and how it relates to sickness; if meat aversion doesn't change signifantly, its shows has little to do with reproductive immunosupression. |
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Term
| why paraphilia less common in women than men; |
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Definition
| males have higher testosterone (higher sex drive), males profit more from being sensitive to possible cues of sexual opportunities to maximize fitness |
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Term
| why differential mate-selection criteria could explain more pedophilia in men |
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Definition
| males have less criteria, namely, youth. females are attracted more to older males... |
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Term
| why differential mate-selection criteria could explain more pedophilia in men |
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Definition
| males have less criteria, namely, youth. females are attracted more to older males... |
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Term
| evidence that pedophiles aren't just picking easier targets. |
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Definition
| pedophiles shown to be sexually aroused to pedophilic stimuli to a degree that is evidence of natural sexual preference. |
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Term
| three morphological traits of males from sexual selection. |
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Definition
| larger muscles, large penis, deep voice. |
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Term
| costs of sexual reproduction |
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Definition
| cost of meiosis (loss of 50% of genetic relatedness); cost of recombination (loss of successful genotypes) |
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Term
| benefits of sexual reproduction |
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Definition
| strategy to avoid mueuller's ratchet. (accumulation of random (harmful) mutuations over time) |
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Term
| prevailing climate: parthenogenisis vs sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| parthenogenisis is a better reproductive strategy because stability of environment means succsessful phenotypes will evolve and outcompete recombination from sexual selelction |
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Term
| how does generational time affect parthenogenisis vs sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| longer generational time = more changes in environment; sexually reproducing species will do to variance in phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| men have higher sexual jealousy; females have more emotional jealousy |
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Term
| if environment affected mechanisms of jealousy, how would patrilieal vs non-patralineal system differ in jealousy? |
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Definition
| partrilineal system would involve more investment of male to offspring; cuckoldry being bigger risk of fitness; sexual jealousy should be higher. |
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Term
| matrilineal vs patrilineal in regards to jealousy? |
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Definition
| matrilieal: males would be more promiscious, emotional jealousy of women would increase, sexual jealousy of males would decrease in comparison to patrileal. |
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Term
| mestrual synchrony purpose? |
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Definition
| polygomy (co-wives coordinating their highest level of attractiveness to keep male from being confused and knowing when to spend most time mating) |
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Term
| ancestral humans: more menstrual synchrony? |
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Definition
| probably not. because of more of an r-strategy, it would be rare for multiple females in a group to be without a state of gestation |
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Term
| sheds light on menstrual sychrony as adaptation? |
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Definition
| evolution of estrus synchrony; evolutionary disiquilibrium or part of a larger system that is not fully understood. |
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Term
| evidence women prefer MHC dissimilarity? |
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Definition
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