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| Northern African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars. |
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| A popular Roman religion of salvation in which an afterlife was promised to followers. |
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| Northern Italian society that initially dominated the Romans; the Etruscans helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans. |
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| Huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome. |
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| Mystery religion based on worship of the sun god Mithras; it became popular among the Romans because of its promise of salvation. |
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| Roman term for the "father of the family," a theoretical implication that gave the male head of the family almost unlimited authority. |
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| System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. |
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| Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes. |
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| Roman Peace, a term that relates to the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries C.E. |
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| Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and to aid others. |
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| Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat. |
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| Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam. |
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| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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| Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation, handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. The term usually refers to the social system of India. |
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| Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian Ocean basin. |
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| Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara. |
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| Indian word for a Hindu subcaste. |
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| Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world. |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
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| Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna. |
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