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| member of a culture in which people hunt animals and look for plants to eat instead of growing crops and raising animals |
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| A complete culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as structure, religion, and art |
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the practices and beliefs of a particular group of individuals
WOMEN-raised the children and worked the crushing grains; There were ENORMOUS variations in the rights enjoyed by women in different social classes |
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| the belief that there is more than one god |
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| an area of low land between hills or mountains where a river flows |
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| the science or occupation of farming |
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| a form of government in which a country is ruled by religious leaders |
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| a country that is ruled by a monarch such as a king or queen |
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| staying or living in one place instead of moving to different places |
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| a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc. |
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| a state that has its own government and consists of a city and the area around it |
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| a member of a group of people who move place to place instead of living in one place all the time |
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| to train (an animal)to need and accept the care of human beings |
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| the earliest legal code, or set of laws, drawn up by Babylonian King Hammurabi during the 18th century BCE. |
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| Permanent Housing (Cities) |
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| Made possible by abundance of food; provide for new patterns of living |
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| Organize and regulate human activity |
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| Offer explanations of forces of nature and people's roles in the world |
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| Create class divisions based on political and economic power |
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| allows for keeping of accurate records |
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| With more free times available, art and technology flourished, leading to the specialization of jobs and unique cultural traits |
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One of 4 World River Valley Cultures located in Egypt.
It floods annually and deposits along the banks making it fertile soil. It helped farmers begin to grow large amounts of food. |
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| The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
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| One of 4 World River Valley Cultures located in Mesopotamia |
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| One of 4 World River Valley Cultures located in India |
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| One of 4 World River Valley Cultures located in China |
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| Traits of Mesopotamia's Culture & Science |
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Irrigation allowed farming settlements to flourish & food supplies to increase
Fewer people were able to produce more food leading to a surplus & allowed other people to begin specializing in activities other than farming
Sumerians invented the wheel and the sailboat
Developed tools and weapons of copper & bronze. They devised a calendar and invented the first known writing system call Cuneiform |
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| Traits of Mesopotamia's Government & Society |
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| The people of Mesopotamia built several cities. At 1st each city had its own ruler and gods. Later these city-states were under a single ruler. |
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| Traits of Mesopotamia's Religion |
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Egyptians believed the body should be preserved after death to participate in an afterlife.
Embalmed-done to pharoahs bodies after they died and buried in a special room under a large tombstone called a pyramid |
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| Traits of Mesopotamia's Building |
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They were the world's first city-builders. They built walled cities, temples with arches and stepped-pyramids known as Ziggurats
Pyramids-built with pharoahs inside and embalmed after they died-built from stone
Palaces-out of stone
Temples-out of stone
Egyptians were great architects and engineers |
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| Traits of Egypt's Culture & Science |
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Medicine:Egyptians developed knowledge of the human body through embalming
Hierogylphics: Egyptians developed one of the earliest forms of writing, based on pictures and symbols
Geometry and Astronomy:by observing the stars, they developed a calendar based on 365 days |
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| Traits of Egypt's Government & Society |
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Central gov't came about due to the ease of communication
Pharoah (King)-most powerful person in Egypt. He was an ABSOLUTE RULER and was considered by the people to be a god.
Monarchy-a system of gov't which political power is inherited.
Below Pharoah, the gov't included priests and nobles. Then came Pharoah's warriors, scribes, merchants, and craftsman.
Peasants and Slaves-were at the bottom of Egyptian society |
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| Traits of Egypt's Religion |
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| Believed the body should be preserved after death so a person could participate in the afterlife |
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| Traits of Egypt's Building |
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Pyramids-built for pharaohs who were embalmed and laid their surrounded by gold, jewels, and other precious objects for use in aftelife
They imagined the afterlife was similar to the present life |
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| Traits of India's Culture |
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-used kilns for making pottery and metals
-developed their own form of writing, though it's not been able to be deciphered
-its collapse/end happened suddenly |
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| Traits of India's Government & Society |
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Trade supported their economy
Harapphan Language
Theocracy-gov't and religion were combined and run by a priest |
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| Traits of India's Religion |
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Polytheistic Religion made up of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
Animal seals are shown which indicate they had many gods |
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| Traits of India's Building |
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Each city held more than 30,000 people
Includes more than 1,000 cities and settlements belonging to the Indus
Found artifacts suggest a technologically advanced urban culture: dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms and protective walls "urban planners" with almost all their houses connected to PUBLIC SEWERS |
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| Traits of China's Agriculture |
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As in the Nile, the fertility of the soil was increased by the river's period flooding.
Around 4500 BCE, people along the Huang He began growing millet. They later learned to farm soybeans, and raise chickens, dogs, and pigs. |
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| Traits of China's Government & Society |
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| Around 1700 BCE a ruling family, or dynasty known as the Shang took power. |
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| Traits of China's Building |
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The Huang He Valley were skilled at many crafts
Developed silk textiles from silkworm cocoons
Developed a system of writing |
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| Traits of China's Religion |
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Made sacrifices to their royal ancestors
High priests |
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| Mesopotamia's Legal System |
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The Babylonians developed the earliest written law code--the Code of Hammurabi.
Its aim was to ensure justice and protect the weak. |
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| Almost all their houses had bathrooms and were connected to public sewers |
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| Part of a people in the Indian culture who developed their own writing; used trade as a part of their economy |
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| Polytheistic Religion made up of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism |
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The river deposited soil over the neighboring plain during its annual flood
Farmers grew barley, wheat, dates, and melons
Food surpluses allowed people to build large cities |
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China
military leaders
also high priests who offered sacrifices to their royal ancestors |
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A system of writing developed by the Chinese which used pictographs
Each character represented one word
Still used in written Chinese today
Even those speaking different dialects use the same characteristics |
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| The Rift Valley of East Africa |
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| Where the genetic ancestor of all modern humans lived |
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| How people make up for their lack of natural weapons |
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| An invention which lets us have smaller stomachs and therefore bigger brains and functions to protect us from predators |
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| One hunting technique humans share with wolves |
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| The reason clothing during the hunter/gatherer period were considered better than those worn by earlier humans |
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| The advantages humans gained by hunting with domesticated wolves |
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| Probably the first type of farmer during the agricultural revolution |
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| Seeds Could Change the Land |
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| The early female farmer's observation which likely led her to the idea of farming |
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| In addition to the opportunity to raise new animals, settling in villages also introduced this enormous new problem |
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| Land ownership and agriculture contributed to this problem |
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| All the death of people led to the development of this invention where people build a three-dimensional structure to commemorate a person or event |
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| These large Egyptian structures were build by slaves |
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| How Egyptians paid the craftsman of the pyramids |
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| The invention which allowed Hemiunu to organize pyramid workers |
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| A method used to inspire men building pyramids to work faster |
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| Archaeological Evidence of Accidents of Pyramid Workers |
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| 1 in 5 skeletons of workers have serious injuries |
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One of the world's very first entrepreneurs
We know about him because he was written about |
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| The problem Amur faced on the tin-trading trip during the Bronze Age |
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The first recorded battle during the Bronze-Age Warfare
Tutmoses III felt he had to free this city from the invaders |
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| Tutmose's III Battle at Megido |
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| It was a turning point in the Bronze-Age Warfare |
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| A new pharaoh during the Bronze Age who was brave and used his wits which he used to lead his people |
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| Who ensured that people near Megiddo would never rise against him again by killing them |
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| A new material which would bring the era of the godlike king to an end |
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