Term
| Who discovered penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which classes of antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactams and glycopeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| penicillin, cephalosporin, carbepenems, and monolactams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vancomycin (investigational= vancomycin, ramoplanin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, telavancin) |
|
|
Term
| Bacitracin, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine all affect what part of the bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Daptomycin and polymyxins target what part of the bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which classes of drugs affect protein synthesis by inhibiting ribosomes? |
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Definition
| amnoglycosides, oxazolidnones, tetracycline/glycycline, chloramphenicol, macrolide/azalide/ketolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin |
|
|
Term
| Name the aminoglycosides. |
|
Definition
| streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some tetracyclines/glycyclines. |
|
Definition
| tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of macrolide/azalide/ketolide. |
|
Definition
| erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, telithromycin |
|
|
Term
| Name an example of an lincosamide. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an example of a streptogramin. |
|
Definition
| quinopristin-Dalpopristin |
|
|
Term
| Which groups of antibacterials target DNA/RNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
| quinolones, folate antagonists, nitroimidazole, rifamycin |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of quinolones. |
|
Definition
| ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin {whatever}floxacin |
|
|
Term
| Name an example of a folate antagonist. |
|
Definition
| trimethoprim-sulfamethaxozole |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of nitroimidazole. |
|
Definition
| metronidazole, nitrofurantoin |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of rifamycin. |
|
Definition
| rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotic targets the P-FOR enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell wall synthesis inhibitors work best when tehre is... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Penicillin works by imitating ____. |
|
Definition
| D-alanyl-D-alanine, only penicilin has a beta lactam ring on it |
|
|
Term
| What are the penicillin binding proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the different specificity, resistance, and side effects of different beta-lactams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which penicillin is given IV? PO? |
|
Definition
| IV= penicillin G; PO= penicillin V |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of penicillin G and V? |
|
Definition
| streptococci, treponema, and oral anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of penicillin G and V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are ampicillin and amoxicillin given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ampicillin and amoxicillin? |
|
Definition
| penicillin spectrum (streptococci, treponema, oral anaerobes) + haemophilus and listeria |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ampicillin and amoxicillin? |
|
Definition
| penicillin side effects (immunologic and seizures), rash |
|
|
Term
| How do you give nafcillin? oxacillin? dicloxacillin? |
|
Definition
| nafcillin= IV, oxacillin= IV, dicloxacillin= PO |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of nafcillin, oxacillin and dicloxacillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of nafcillin, oxacilin, and dicloxacillin? |
|
Definition
| penicillin (immunologic, seizures) and nephritis |
|
|
Term
| How is ticarcillin given? piperacillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ticarcillin and piperacillin? |
|
Definition
| amp + (streptococci, treponema, oral anaerobes) enteric GNR, pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ticarcillin and piperacillin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefazolin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cephalexin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of cefazolin and cephalexin? |
|
Definition
| strep/staph and enteric GNR |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of cefazolin and cephalexin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefuroxime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of cefuroxime? |
|
Definition
| strep/staph, enteric GNR, haemophilus |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of cefuroxime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give ceftriazone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefotaxime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefixime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefixime? |
|
Definition
| streptococci, enteric GNR,(CSF OK), |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefixime? |
|
Definition
| biliary effects, immunologic seizures |
|
|
Term
| How do you give ceftazidime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefepime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ceftazidime and cefepime? |
|
Definition
| enteric GNR, pseudomonas, (CSF OK) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ceftazidime and cefepime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefoxitin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give cefotetan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of cefoxitin and cefotetan? |
|
Definition
| strep/staph, enteric GNR, anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of cefoxitin and cefotetan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give imipenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give meropenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give doripenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of imipenem, meropenem, doripenem? |
|
Definition
| streptococci, staphylococci, enteric GNR, acinetobacter, pseudomonas, anaerobes (CSF OK) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give ertapenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ertapenem? |
|
Definition
| streptococci, staphylococci, enteric GNR, anaerobes (CSF OK) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ertapenem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of aztreonam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give aztreonam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of aztreoname? |
|
Definition
| aerobic GNR, enteric GNR, NOT anaerobes, NOT gram positive |
|
|
Term
| How do gram positive organisms become resistent to beta-lactams? |
|
Definition
| beta lactamase +, altered PBP, increase PBP |
|
|
Term
| How do gram negative organisms become resistent to beta-lactams? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactamase + (TEM, SHV, ESBL, carbapenemase), porin changes, efflux pumps, altered PBPs |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of amp/sulbactam and amox/clavulanate? |
|
Definition
| amp+, beta-lactamase +, anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of amp/sulbactam and amox/clavulanate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrumo f ticar/clavulanate? |
|
Definition
| amp/Sulbactam +, enteric GNR, pseudomonas, not enterococcus |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of ticar/clavulanate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of pip/tazobactam? |
|
Definition
| about the same as carbepenems |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of pip/tazobactam? |
|
Definition
| immunologic, seizures, salt load |
|
|
Term
| What special considerations must you take into account when giving vancomycin? |
|
Definition
| slower killing, gram + spectrum, resistance, increasing, follow drug levels, watch for specific reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level just before you give the next vancomycin dose |
|
|
Term
| What are possible reactions to vancomycin? |
|
Definition
| red man syndrome (not immunologic), ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxins, true allergy |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of vancomycin action? |
|
Definition
| has D-ala, D-ala surrounded by bulky molecule to protect it |
|
|
Term
| What is vancomycin intermediate MRSA? |
|
Definition
| MRSA with abnormal cell wall that retains many d-ala-d-ala sites that bind vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| What is the vancomycin resistance mechanism? |
|
Definition
| plasma-encoded van H converts pyruvate to D-lactate; plasma-encoded van A links D-ala to D-lac; normal pathway incorporates D-ala-D-lac into cell wall precursor and into cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria have vancomycin resistance genes? |
|
Definition
| enterococci (50+% of E. faecium, other species with intermediate to full resistance); several VR-MRSA strains described (push for new drugs) |
|
|
Term
| How do you give vancomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of vancomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what situations do you use vancomycin? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactam R, pen allergy |
|
|
Term
| How do you give ramoplanin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of ramoplanin? |
|
Definition
| C diff, vanco R enterococcus |
|
|
Term
| How do you give telavancin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give Dalbavancin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you give oritavancin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an important consideration when you use telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta-lactams inhibit what bacterial enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycopeptides act on what bacterial enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of fosfomycin? |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum, both gram + and -; possible use in the treatment of certain E coli infection; possible use in combo with daptomycin for gram positive endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat drug resistant TB or for retreatment of TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What considerations must you take into account when using cycloserine? |
|
Definition
| ALWAYS USE WITH OTHER DRUGS TO PREVENT EMERGENCE OF RESISTANT MUTANTS |
|
|
Term
| How do you administer cylcoserine? What is the commercial name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of cycloserine? |
|
Definition
| CNS (headache/confusion/etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of bacitracin? |
|
Definition
| transiently reduces the number of staphylococcus aureus organisms in staph carriers |
|
|
Term
| How do you administer bacitracin? |
|
Definition
| topical ointment with neomycin (bacitracin + neomycin for gram+), or polymyxin (polymyxin + neomycin for gram-) |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule is daptomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does daptomycin work? |
|
Definition
| binds cell membrane and creates ion channel for depolarization (calcium dependent) |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of daptomycin? |
|
Definition
| resistant gram + (not lungs/urine) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of daptomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of antibiotic is colistin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of polymyxins? |
|
Definition
| binds LPS and creates ionophore (binds our membranes as well) |
|
|
Term
| What special considerations must be taken into consideration when using polymyxins such as colistin? |
|
Definition
| will bind bacterial membranes AS WELL AS OUR OWN and create ionophore; drug of last resort |
|
|
Term
| What is the spectrum of polymyxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
