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| lowest energy of an electron (ground state) |
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| a substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions; proton donor |
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| what the product is, after it is calculated using the results of an experiment |
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| the elements in the first column of the periodic table, excluding hydrogen |
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| the smallest particle that matter can be split into. it consists of smaller parts: electron (negative charge), proton (positive charge), and neutron (neutral) |
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| a small unit of mass equal to 1.66 x 10^-24 |
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| the number of protons in a nucleus |
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| the average mass of one atom of an element in grams |
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| balancing a chemical equation |
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| making an unbalanced equation have the same number of each type of atom on the product side as on the reactant side of the arrow |
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| a substance that produces OH (negative) atom in water- it is required for an acid/ base reaction |
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| a two-element compound consisting of a cation and an anion |
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| of the atom correctly mapped electron movement but it only worked for the hydrogen atom |
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| a system to indicate an atom's electrons' locations where orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sublevel with arrows representing the electrons. the direction of the arrows indicates the direction of the electrons' spins |
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| involves a change in the fundamental properties of the substances, also called reactions |
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| written representation of a chemical reaction |
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| a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show relative number of atoms |
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| properties that refer to its ability to form new substances |
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a reaction in which a completely new substance(s) is formed, a chemical change usually indicated by:
- a color change
- a solid forms
- bubbles form
- heat and/ or a flame is produced |
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| a synonym for awesome and fun. a way of thinking about the world. antonym for geeky. |
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| numbers used before the reactants and/ or products to balance the equation with the same amount of products as reactants by changing the relative amounts |
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| combustion of a carbon compound |
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| a reaction with oxygen that produces CO2 and H2O |
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| better represents the actual forms of the reactants and products in solution. all substances that are strong electrodes are represented as separate ions |
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| two or more elements combined and have the same composition no matter where they are found |
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| inner electrons that aren't involved in bonding atoms to each other |
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john dalton- english scientist and teacher and came up with 5 theories about all elements
1. elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
2. all atoms of a given element are identical
3. the atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element
4. atoms of one element can combine with atoms of another element to form a compound. a given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms
5. atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. that is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. a chemical reaction is simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together. |
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ab --> a + b
a single reactant forms more than one product, opposite of synthesis |
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| a method to separate the components of a liquid mixture. an example of distillation is separating saltwater into salt and water |
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| double displacement reaction |
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a reaction in which the anions of the two reactants switch cations
AB + CD --> AD + CB |
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| driving forces of a chemical reaction |
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1. formation of a solid
2. formation of water
3. transfer of electrons
4. formation of a gas |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum, energy being transmitted by light |
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| the negatively charged part of an atom that is usually located in its loosely defined orbital |
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| probability map for an electron. no defined line of boundary, it fades off at the ends. contains around 90% of the total probability of where the electron could be |
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| substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means |
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| the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound |
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| any reactant that isn't limiting in a chemical equation |
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| when an atom has excess energy it is said to be in an excited state. it releases this energy by jumping and when it comes back down it releases photons of light. atoms have different levels of excitement, which corresponds to different colors of the visible spectrum |
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| a simple method used to separate a liquid from a solid. an example of filtration would be the separation of sand from a sand and water mixture using a filter |
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| the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space |
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| the lowest energy arrangement an element can possess. hydrogen's ground state is 1s^2, but neon's ground state is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 |
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| a mixture that is the same throughout; synonymous with a solution |
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| insoluble/ slightly soluble solid |
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| a solid where such a tiny amount dissolves in water that it is undetectable with the eye alone |
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| atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
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| through electromagnetic radiation; it either travels in waves or in particles |
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| limiting reactant (limiting reagent) |
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| the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion. also it is the rectant that limits the amount of products that can be formed; once it is consumed, no more products can be formed; essential to identify for any stoichiometric problem |
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| the sum of the number of neutrons and the number of protons in a given nucleus |
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| the percent by mass of a component of a mixture or of a given element in a compound |
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| the "stuff" of which the universe is composed. it has two characteristics: it has mass and it occupies space |
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| elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic behavior |
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| something that has a variable composition (salt and sand) |
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| the mass of 1 mol of a substance |
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a unit used to count a group of atoms. there are 6.022 x 10^23 atoms in a mole
when you don't know what to do convert to moles! |
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| the ratio of the number of moles of the reactant in a balanced equation to the number of moles of the product |
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| complete formula with all reactants and products, has the forms of the reactants and products (solid, liquid, gas, dissolved in water) |
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| the exact formula of a molecule that gives the types of atoms and the number of each type |
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| includes only those components that are directly involved in the reaction (leave out spectator ions) |
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| an atom with a dense center of a positive charge (the nucleus) around which a tiny electrons move in a space that is otherwise empty |
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| the center of the atom which contain protons and neutrons of the atom |
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| a representation of the space occupied by an electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron; "probability map" |
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| diagram that illustrates the number of electrons and discrete energy levels and sublevels and orbitals |
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| there are four sublevels in the principal energy levels: s, p, d, and f. the letters represent the shape of the orbital with s= sphere, p= dumbbell, d= clover, and f= flower. each individual orbital holds two electrons. level 1 has s, level 2 has s and p, level 3 has s, p, and d, and levels 4- 7 have s, p, d, and f. |
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| oxidation- reduction reaction |
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| a reaction that involves a transfer of electrons. redox often occurs when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form an ionic compound. the ions are formed when the metal transfers one or more electrons to the nonmetal, the metal atom becoming a cation and the nonmetal becoming an anion. a reaction between a nonmetal and oxygen is also redox |
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| a polyatomic ion containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more atoms of at least one other element |
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| pauli exclusion principle |
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| an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins |
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| the actual yield of a product as a percent of the theoretical yield |
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| a "particle" of electromagnetic radiation, a stream of tiny packets of energy |
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| do not affect the composition of the substance (water vapor- water- ice) |
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| easily observable properties (ex: hard, solid) |
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| an ion containing a number of atoms |
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| the solid formed in a precipitation reaction |
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| the process in which a solid forms in a chemical reaction |
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| different discrete energy levels of an atom; labeled with an integer |
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| chemicals formed by the reaction, on the right of the arrow |
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| the small, positively charged particle contained in a nucleus of an atom |
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| only certain values are allowed. energy levels of all atoms are quantized, they each have their own energy levels |
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| chemicals present before the reaction, on the left of the arrow |
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| rutherford was the first to discover that electron move around the nucleus |
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| an ionic compound resulting (along with water) from an acid-base reaction |
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| single displacement reactions |
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one anion changes cations
A + BC --> B + AC |
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| a solid that readily dissolves in water |
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| a mixture that is the same throughout; synonymous with a homogeneous mixture |
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| charged atoms that do not participate directly in the reaction |
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| there are three states: solid, liquid, gas. solid is rigid and has a fixed shape and volume. liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container. gas has no fixed volume or shape |
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| the process of using balanced equations to determine the relative masses of reactants and products in a reaction |
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| a strong electrolyte that produces H+ when dissolved in water |
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| a strong electrolyte that contains OH- ions |
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| a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently because all of its ion separate |
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a + b= ab
two or more reactants combine to make one product
opposite of decomposition |
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| the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed |
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| the metal present in the binary compound forms only one type of cation |
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| the metal present in the binary compound can form two (or more) cations that have different charges |
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| the binary compound contains only nonmetals |
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| the electrons in the outermost (highest) principle energy level of an atom |
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| can be applied to all atoms, is a probability map of where electrons can appear, all of an atom's orbitals put together |
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| the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave |
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