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03a. Network Protocols
CompTIA Network+ Protocols
178
Computer Networking
Professional
03/07/2012
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Term
In a ___-___ communication, data delivery is guaranteed.
 Definition
connection-oriented
Term
True or False?
Connection-oriented protocols have a higher overhead and place greater demands on bandwidth.
 Definition
True
Term
On the sending end, connection-oriented protocols assume that a lack of ____ is sufficient reason to retransmit.
 Definition
acknowledgment
Term
____ protocols offer only a best-effort delivery mechanism.
 Definition
Connectionless
Term
True or False?
In connectionless protocols, there is a confirmation that the data has been received.
 Definition
False
Term
____ communication requires far less overhead so it is popular in applications such as streaming audio and video, where a small number of dropped packets might not represent a significant problem.
 Definition
Connectionless
Term
____ protocol, which is defined in RFC 791, is the protocol used to transport data from one node on a network to another.

 Definition
Internet Protocol (IP)
Term
True or False? Internet Protocol (IP) is a connection-oriented protocol.
 Definition
False
Term
IP operates at the ___ layer of the OSI model.
 Definition
network (3)
Term
IP performs ___ and ___ for network transmissions.
 Definition
fragmentation
reassembly
Term
True or False?
The maximum transmission unit (MTU) size is limited in IP.
 Definition
True
Term
___ ___ protocol, which is defined in RFC 793, is a connection-oriented protocol.
 Definition
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Term
___ ___ protocol provides reliability to IP communications with flow control, sequencing, and error detection and correction.
 Definition
Transfer Control Protocol (TCP)
Term
Applications that need guaranteed delivery use the ___ protocol rather than the ___ protocol.
 Definition
TCP
UDP
Term
The three-step process used by TCP to establish and maintain a connection is called a ___-___ ___.
 Definition
three-way handshake.
Term
TCP connection procedure (three-way handshake)
  1. Host sends a message called a ___ to the target host.
  2. Target host opens a connection for the request and sends back an acknowledgment message called an ___ or ___. 
  3. The host that originated the request sends back another acknowledgment, saying that it has received the ___ message and the session is ready.
 Definition
SYN
ACK or SYN ACK
ACK
Term
TCP operates at the ___ layer of the OSI model.
 Definition
transport (4)
Term
TCP is a reliable protocol because it has mechanisms that can accommodate and resolve ___.
 Definition
errors
Term
___, which is defined in RFC 768, does not guarantee delivery like TCP does.
 Definition
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Term
UDP is a "__ __ __" protocol; it
assumes that the data sent will reach its destination intact.
 Definition
fire and forget
Term
UDP operates at the ___ layer of the OSI model.
 Definition
transport (4)
Term
UDP does not establish a ___ between the sending and receiving hosts, which is why it is called a connectionless protocol.
 Definition
session
Term
UDP has much lower ___ than TCP.
 Definition
overhead
Term
A TCP packet header has __ fields, whereas a UDP packet header has only __ fields.
 Definition
14
4
Term
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) uses ___ ___ Protocol to guarantee delivery of packets.
 Definition
Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
Term
___ ___ protocol provides for the uploading and downloading of files from a remote host running the appropriate server software.
 Definition
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Term
FTP has security mechanisms used to ___ users.
 Definition
authenticate
Term
FTP servers can be configured to accept anonymous logons. When this is done, the username is ___ and the password normally is the user’s ___ ___.
 Definition
anonymous
email address
Term
FTP operates at the ___ layer of the OSI model.
 Definition
application (7)
Term
FTP assumes that files uploaded or downloaded are ___ ___ (___) files.
 Definition
straight text (ASCII)
Term
FTP transmits data in ___ format.
 Definition
unencrypted
Term
By using a ___ ___, an FTP hacker can copy packets from the network and read the contents.
 Definition
packet sniffer
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol, based on Secure Shell (SSH) technology, provides robust authentication between FTP sender and receiver.
 Definition
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
Term
True or False?
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) provides encryption capabilities.
 Definition
True
Term
The SFTP acronym is used to describe both ___ File Transfer Protocol and ___ File Transfer
Protocol.
 Definition
Secure
Simple
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol, which is defined in RFC 1350, is an unsecured file transfer mechanism often used for simple downloads such as firmware.
 Definition
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Term
True or False?
TFTP offers directory navigation.
 Definition
False
Term
Unlike FTP, which uses ___ as its transport protocol, TFTP uses ___.
 Definition
TCP
UDP
Term
Because it uses UDP, TFTP is called a ___ file transfer method.
 Definition
connectionless
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol, which is defined in RFC 821, defines how mail messages are sent between hosts.
 Definition
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Term
SMTP uses ___ connections to guarantee
error-free delivery of messages.
 Definition
TCP
Term
Because the destination host must always be available, SMTP mail systems ___ incoming mail so users can read it later.
 Definition
spool
Term
___ can both send and receive mail. ___ and ___ can only receive mail.
 Definition
SMTP
POP3
IMAP
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol, which is defined in RFC 2068, enables text, graphics, multimedia, and other material to be downloaded from a server.
 Definition
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Term
HTTP defines what actions can be requested by a ___ and how a ___ should answer those requests.
 Definition
client
server
Term
HTTP clients (web browsers) send requests in ___ format and receive data in ___ format.
 Definition
HTTP
HTML
Term
HTTP is a connection-oriented protocol that uses ___ as a transport protocol.
 Definition
TCP
Term
HTTP uses a __ __ __ to determine what page should be downloaded from the remote server.
 Definition
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Term
The __ __ __ contains the type of request (http://), the name of the server contacted (www.microsoft.com), and optionally the page requested (/support).
 Definition
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Term
HTTPS uses __ __ __ to encrypt information sent between the client and host.
 Definition
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Term
For HTTPS to be used, both the ___ and ___ must support it.
 Definition
client
server
Term
Both ___, which is defined in RFC 1939, and ___, which is defined in RFC 1731, are mechanisms for downloading email from a server.
 Definition
POP3
IMAP4
Term
The password for a ___ mailbox is transmitted across the network in clear text.
 Definition
POP3
Term
True or False?
IMAP4 uses more sophisticated authentication than POP3, which makes it more difficult for people to determine a password.
 Definition
True
Term
___, which is defined in RFC 854, is a virtual terminal protocol that enables sessions to be opened on a remote host.
 Definition
Telnet
Term
For many years, ___ was the method by which clients accessed multiuser systems such as mainframes and minicomputers. It also was the connection method of choice for UNIX systems. Today, it is still commonly used to access routers and other managed network devices.
 Definition
Telnet
Term
___ is used to access UNIX and Linux systems.
 Definition
Telnet
Term
___ ___ is a secure alternative to Telnet. It provides security by encrypting data as it travels between systems.
 Definition
Secure Shell (SSH)
Term
SSH provides more robust ___ systems than Telnet.
 Definition
authentication
Term
True or false?
SSH1 and SSH2 are compatible.
 Definition
False
Term
True or false?
SSH2 is more secure than SSH1.
 Definition
True
Term
Like Telnet, ___ ___ is associated primarily with UNIX and Linux systems
 Definition
Secure Shell (SSH)
Term
___ ___ is the foundational technology for Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
 Definition
Secure Shell (SSH)
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol works with the IP layer to provide error reporting, flow control and route testing.
 Definition
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Term
The most common function of ICMP is the ___ utility.
 Definition
ping
Term
ICMP returns error messages such as ___ ___ (when a destination cannot be contacted) and ___ ___ (when the Time To Live [TTL] of a datagram has been exceeded).
 Definition
Destination unreachable
Time exceeded
Term
To prevent packets from dropping and having to be re-sent, the receiving host sends ICMP ___ ___ messages to tell the sender to slow down.
 Definition
source quench
Term
__ __ protocol, which is defined in RFC 826, is responsible for resolving IP addresses to MAC addresses.
 Definition
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Term
When a system attempts to contact another host, ___ protocol first determines whether the other host is on the same network it is on by looking at the IP address.
 Definition
internet
Term
The ___ ___ is a table on the local system that stores mappings between data link layer addresses (the MAC address or physical address) and network layer addresses (IP addresses).
 Definition
ARP cache
Term
If the ARP cache doesn’t have an entry for the host, a broadcast on the local network asks the host with the target IP address to send back its ___ address.
 Definition
MAC
Term
True or False?
The ARP request contains the MAC address of the system that sent it.
 Definition
True
Term
If the destination host is determined to be on a different subnet than the sending host, the ARP process is performed against the ___ ___ and then repeated for each step of the journey between the sending and receiving host.
 Definition
default gateway
Term
Entries to the ARP cache can be made either ___ or ___.
 Definition
dynamically
statically
Term
With ___ entries, the ARP cache is automatically updated so it is maintained with no intervention from the user.
 Definition
dynamic
Term
Which are more common with the ARP cache: static or dynamic entries?
 Definition
dynamic
Term
Static entries to the ARP cache are configured manually using the ___ command.
 Definition
arp -s
Term
A static entry remains in the ARP
cache until it is removed using the ___ command.
 Definition
arp -d
Term
__ __ __ protocol performs the same function as ARP, but in reverse.
 Definition
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Term
__ __ __ protocol resolves MAC addresses to IP addresses.
 Definition
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Term
__ __ __ protocol makes it possible for applications or systems to learn their own IP address from a router or Domain Name Service (DNS) server.
 Definition
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Term
__ __ protocol, which is defined in RFC 958, is the part of the TCP/IP protocol suite that facilitates the communication of time between systems.
 Definition
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Term
Email and directory services need time ___.
 Definition
synchronization
Term
__ __ __ protocol is associated with posting and retrieving messages to and from newsgroups.
 Definition
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
Term
NNTP, which is defined in RFC 977, is an application layer protocol that uses ___ as its transport mechanism.
 Definition
TCP
Term
Based on SSH technology, __ __ protocol provides a secure means to copy files between systems on a network.
 Definition
Secure Copy Protocol (SCP)
Term
A more secure substitute for Remote Copy Protocol (RCP), __ __ protocol is available as a command-line utility or
as part of application software for most commonly used computing platforms.
 Definition
Secure Copy Protocol (SCP)
Term
__ __ __ protocol provides a mechanism to access and query directory services systems such as Novell Directory Services (NDS) and Microsoft’s Active Directory.
 Definition
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
Term
__ __ __ protocol is the protocol within the TCP/IP suite that manages multicast groups.
 Definition
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Term
__ __ __ protocol enables a computer on the Internet to target content to a specific group of computers.
 Definition
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Term
____ is a mechanism by which groups of network devices can send and receive data between the members of the group at one time, instead of separately sending messages to each device in the group.
 Definition
Multicasting
Term
___ addresses are from the IPv4 Class D range, including 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
 Definition
multicast
Term
Common applications for ____ include groups of routers on an internetwork and videoconferencing clients.
 Definition
multicasting
Term
__ __ __ protocol is a security protocol for client/server applications.
 Definition
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Term
___ ___ ___ is the successor to SSL.
 Definition
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Term
Transport Layer Security is composed of two layers. The TLS__ protocol uses TCP for security. The TLS__ protocol is used for authentication.
 Definition
record
handshake
Term
__ __ protocol is for multimedia sessions such as audio/video conferencing, online gaming and Internet telephony.
 Definition
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Term
SIP operates at the ___ layer of the OSI model.
 Definition
application (7)
Term
SIP uses ___ or ___ as a transport protocol.
 Definition
TCP
UDP
Term
The __-__ __ protocol is the Internet-standard protocol for the transport of real-time data, including audio and video.
 Definition
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
Term
RTP can use TCP or UDP as a transport protocol. Which is used more often?
 Definition
UDP
Term
RTP is used to transport __-__ data and is often used with VoIP.
 Definition
real-time
Term
The ___ part of RTP supports applications with real-time properties.
 Definition
data
Term
The ___ part of RTP supports real-time conferencing of groups of any size within an internet.
 Definition
control
Term
On TCP/IP-based networks, __ __ __ resolves hostnames (www.google.com) to IP addresses.
 Definition
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Term
Prior to the widespread use of DNS, the ____ local file was used for name resolution.
 Definition
HOSTS
Term
A comment in the HOSTS file is preceded by a ____ symbol.
 Definition
hash (#)
Term
The ___ file can be used to resolve hosts that will not change often or at all.
 Definition
HOSTS
Term
DNS solves the problem of name resolution through servers configured to act as ___ servers.
 Definition
name
Term
A system that asks a DNS server for a hostname-to-IP address mapping is called a DNS ___ or ___.
 Definition
client
resolver
Term
___ ___ enables hosts to be dynamically registered with the DNS server.
 Definition
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
Term
DNS operates in the DNS ___.
 Definition
namespace
Term
The top level of the ___ ___ includes domains such as .com and .edu, as well as domains for countries such as .uk
 Definition
DNS namespace
Term
The second level of the ___ ___ is comprised of subdomains or second-level domains associated with organizations or commercial companies, such as Red Hat and Microsoft.
 Definition
DNS namespace
Term
The domain name, along with any subdomains, is called the __ __ __ __ because it includes all the components from the top of the DNS namespace to the host.
 Definition
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
Term
An example of a __ __ __ __ is www.comptia.org, where www is the host, comptia is the second-level domain, and .org is the top-level domain.
 Definition
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
Term
Although the primary function of DNS is to resolve hostnames to IP addresses, it can also perform IP address-to-hostname resolution. This process is
called ___ ___.
 Definition
reverse lookup
Term
Reverse lookup is accomplished by using ____ records.
 Definition
pointer (PTR)
Term
The most common entry in a DNS database is a ___ record, which maps a hostname to an IP address.
 Definition
A (address)
Term
In DNS, the ___ record maps entries to mail exchanger systems
 Definition
MX
Term
In DNS, the ___ record create alias records for a system.
 Definition
CNAME (canonical record name)
Term
A DNS system can have an ___ record and
then multiple ____ entries for its aliases.
 Definition
A
CNAME
Term
Rather than map to an actual IP address, the CNAME and MX record entries map to another ____, which DNS in turn can resolve to an IP address.
 Definition
host
Term
Each DNS name server maintains information about its zone, or domain, in a series of records known as DNS ___ records.
 Definition
resource
Term
A DNS resource record of DNS zones and other DNS records is called a __ __ __.
 Definition
Start of Authority (SOA)
Term
A ___ ___ is the part of a domain for which an individual DNS server is responsible.
 Definition
DNS zone
Term
True or false?
Each DNS zone contains multiple SOA records.
 Definition
False
Term
A ___ server contains a database of name resolution information used to resolve network names to network addresses.
 Definition
Name Server (NS)
Term
A DNS resource record that stores additional hostnames, or aliases, for hosts in the domain is called a ___ ___.
 Definition
Canonical Name (CNAME)
Term
____ records give a single computer multiple names (aliases).
 Definition
CNAME
Term
A ____ to the CNAME is used to perform a reverse DNS lookup (resolve IP address to hostname).
 Definition
pointer
Term
An IPv6 Address (AAAA) stores information for IPv6 (___-bit) addresses. Used to map hostnames to an IP address for a host.
 Definition
128
Term
The ____ ____ record stores information about where mail for the domain should be delivered.
 Definition
Mail Exchange (MX)
Term
Workstations can be configured with the IP addresses of two DNS servers to provide ___ ___.
 Definition
fault tolerance
Term
True or false?
If DNS facilities are not accessible, the Internet effectively becomes unusable.
 Definition
True
Term
A Windows network can use ___ ___ ___ service to enable Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) names to be resolved to IP addresses.
 Definition
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
Term
NetBIOS name resolution is necessary on Windows networks so systems can locate and access each other by using the NetBIOS computer name rather than the ___ ___.
 Definition
IP address
Term
The NetBIOS name needs to be resolved to an ___ address and subsequently to a ___ address (by ARP).
 Definition
IP
MAC
Term
A ___ ___ ___ server automatically performs NetBIOS name resolution.
 Definition
Windows Internet Name Server (WINS)
Term
If a WINS server is not available, NetBIOS name resolution can be performed statically using the ____ file.
 Definition
LMHOSTS
Term
A ___ is the default method for performing NetBIOS name resolution.
 Definition
broadcast
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol facilitates network management functionality.
 Definition
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Term
True or False?
SNMP is a network management system (NMS)
 Definition
False
SNMP is not a network management system (NMS). It is simply the protocol that makes NMS possible.
Term
In an SNMP configuration, the ___ is the central communication point for all SNMP-enabled devices on the network.
 Definition
manager
Term
On each device to be managed via SNMP, ___ ___ software is configured with the manager’s ___ ___.
 Definition
SNMP agent
IP address
Term
The SNMP agent reports an event to the SNMP manager via a message called a ___.
 Definition
trap
Term
An SNMP management system is a computer running __ __ __ software.
 Definition
Network Management System (NMS)
Term
Most ___ ___ ___ applications use a graphical map of the network to locate a device and then query it.
 Definition
Network Management System (NMS)
Term
With ___ ___ ___ Protocol and a ___ ___ System, all devices on a network can be monitored from a single location.
 Definition
Simple Network Managment Protocol (SNMP)
Network Management System (NMS)
Term
It is common to implement a ___ ___ ___ on a secure server in a secure location.
 Definition
Network Management System
Term
Each device in the SNMP structure needs to have SNMP functionality enabled. This is performed through a software component called an ___.
 Definition
agent
Term
An SNMP ___ is a device with a software component that facilitates communication with an SNMP manager.
 Definition
agent
Term
True or False?
SNMP agent functionality is supported by almost any device designed to be connected to a network.
 Definition
True
Term
Agents can alert SNMP managers when a threshold is surpassed by sending a ___ to the Network Management System.
 Definition
trap
Term
SNMP managers have only 3 commands: __, __ and __.
 Definition
Get
Get Next
Set
Term
SNMP uses a ___ ___ ___ to define what parameters are accessible, which of them are read-only, and which can be set.
 Definition
Management Information Base (MIB)
Term
An SNMP ___ is a logical group of systems.
 Definition
community
Term

True or False?

When a system is configured as part of a SNMP community, it communicates only with other devices that have the same community name.

 Definition
True
Term
Typically, two SNMP communities are defined by default: a ___ community, for read-only use, and a ___ community, for read-and-write operations.
 Definition
public
private
Term
Whether you use SNMP depends on how many ___ you have and how ___ your network infrastructure is.
 Definition
devices
distributed
Term
Unlike SNMPv1 and SNMPv2, SNMPv3 supports ___ and ___.
 Definition
authentication
encryption
Term
___ ___ ___ protocol enables ranges of IP addresses to be defined on a system.
 Definition
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Term
In DHCP, a range of IP addresses is called a ___.
 Definition
scope
Term
When a DHCP client is initialized, it asks the server for an address. The server assigns an address from the scope for a predetermined amount of time known as the ____.
 Definition
lease
Term
At various points during the lease (normally __% and __%), the client attempts to renew the lease from the server. If the server cannot perform a renewal, the lease expires at 100 percent, and the client stops using the address.
 Definition
50
85
Term
Information supplied by the DHCP client includes the ___ ___ and ___ ___.
 Definition
IP Address
subnet mask
Term
DHCP can either supply a random address from the scope or a specific address known as a ___.
 Definition
reservation
Term
To use DHCP for a system and guarantee that it always has the same IP address, you use a ___.
 Definition
reservation
Term
DHCP is ___-dependent not ___-dependent. This means you can use a Linux DHCP server for a network with Windows clients or a Novell DHCP server with Linux clients.
 Definition
protocol
platform
Term
When a DHCP system joins the network, it broadcasts a ___ packet that looks for a DHCP server.
 Definition
DHCPDISCOVER
Term
If a DHCP server has a scope for the network from which the DHCPDISCOVER packet originated, it responds with a ___ packet.
 Definition
DHCPOFFER
Term
When the client receives the ___ packet from the server, it looks at the offer to determine if it is suitable.
 Definition
DHCPOFFER
Term
The DHCP client notifies the server that the DHCPOFFER has been accepted through a ___ packet.
 Definition
DHCPREQUEST
Term
The DHCP server finalizes the offer by sending the client an acknowledgment called a ___ packet.
 Definition
DHCPACK
Term
After the client system receives the DHCPACK, it initializes the ___ ___ and can communicate on the network.
 Definition
TCP/IP suite
Term
In DNS, ___ define the DNS servers to be used and the order in which to use them.
 Definition
suffixes
Term
DHCP can provide ___ suffixes to clients.
 Definition
DNS
Term
Four steps of the DHCP process:
 Definition
DHCPDISCOVER
DHCPOFFER
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPACK
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